英语中的副词有表示方式、程度的多种形式,例如:late与lately、high与highly、slow与slowly。这些词中,两种形式含义有完全不同的,有很相似的,也有完全一致的,使用时容易引发混淆。文章将对不同类别的副词进行分类探讨。
第一类副词,如hard与hardly、late与lately、most与mostly。这些词两种形式含义完全不同,易于区分使用。例如:他整天都在使劲地干活(He works hard all day)与他很少干活(He hardly works at all);你来得太晚了(You have come too late)与你最近见到过他吗(Have you seen him lately);说得最多的人常常干得最少(The person who talks most often is usually the one who does least)与观众大部分是女的(The audience consisted mostly of women);下趟航班不直飞东京,而是绕道上海(The next flight does not go directly to Tokyo; it goes by way of Shanghai)与他马上就来(He will be here directly);骑手突然一下把马勒住(The rider pulled his horse up short)与村前不远处往右拐(Make a right turn shortly beyond the village);请不要站在门前(Please stand clear of the gate)与他很清楚明白地阐述了自己的观点(He stated his view-point clearly);这次考试相当难(The exam was pretty difficult)与她的小女孩穿着总是很漂亮(Her little girls are always prettily dressed)。
第二类副词,如wide与widely、close与closely、high与highly。这些词两种形式含义有差别,但是差别不明显,翻译成汉语时用词也很接近。主要特点是:不带-ly的副词表示具体的行为和动作,说明的动作或状况有可测量性和可见性;而以-ly结尾的同源副词所表达的常常是抽象性的行为和状况。例如:你是否看见那只蝴蝶在街道上方高高飞舞着(Do you see the butterfly flying high above the street)与贵宾们受到了高度赞扬(The distinguished guests were highly praised);他猛地把门开得大大的(He flung the door wide open)与我们在许多问题上分歧很大(We were widely different on many questions);买那个望远镜你得付很高的价钱(You will have to pay dear for that telescope)与对这样的侮辱你将付出高昂的代价(You will pay dearly for the insult);她紧挨着墙站着(She stood close against the wall)与警察在密切监视他(The police were watching him closely);鸟儿现在飞得非常低(The bird is now flying quite low)与他谦恭地给女王鞠了一躬(He bowed lowly before the queen);他们挖得很深才挖到水(They had to dig deep to reach water)与你冒犯他可不轻(You have offended him deeply);格雷斯紧紧地搂抱着保罗(Grace is holding tight to Paul)与火车车箱里挤满了乘客(The passengers were packed tightly in the train);科尔先生说话声音总是很大(Mr. Cole tends to speak rather loud)与科尔先生大肆夸耀自己的权力(Mr. Cole boasted loudly of his power)。
第三类副词,如slow与slowly、quick与quickly。这些词是异形同义词,通常使用以-ly结尾的副词来修饰动词,但在句子结构或搭配不同时,也具有不同的倾向性。文章探讨了在什么情况下常使用不带-ly的副词形式,并列出了一些适应于下列规则的词。主要情况包括:在比较级或最高级中使用不带-ly的副词形式;在有"so"或"too"修饰时使用不带-ly的副词形式。例如:艾伦走得很快,但乔治走得更快(Allen was walking quickly, but George was walking even quicker);那些人在大声争吵着,但是警察喊叫得更响(They were quarreling loudly, but the police shouted louder);汽车走得越来越慢,最后停了下来(The car went slower and slower until it came to a standstill);我们来看看谁跑得最快(Let's see who can run the quickest);我们必须更加仔细地查看这一问题(We must look closer at the problem);这一切发生得如此之快以致于我手足无措无法对付了(It all happened so quickly that I could do nothing);不可能赶上他了,你的车太慢了(It is impossible to overtake him; your cargo is too slow);别这样大声说话,孩子已经睡了(Don't talk so loud; the child is now in bed)。
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