同位语从句和定语从句在语法结构上有着显著的区别。首要的区别在于它们的作用:同位语从句就像是对先行词的深入解读,即使将其去掉,先行词的意思依然完整,例如句子"We were very happy at the news that our team had won the match"中的"that our team had won the match"就是对"news"的解释;而定语从句则是对先行词的限定或修饰,去掉后先行词的意义会缺失,比如"We were very happy at the news (that) you told me just now",括号中的"that"是必不可少的,因为它连接了主句和从句。
判断它们的关键在于"that"的用法。在同位语从句中,"that"通常不承担句子成分,没有实际意义,且不常省略;而在定语从句中,"that"作为引导词,有时会充当主语或宾语,如作宾语时可以省略,但作主语时则不能。通过观察句子中"that"是否需要且能否省略,可以大致区分两者。
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