英语介词的分类和应用

英语介词虽是小词，数量也不多，但它灵活多变，随处可见，功能强大而且难于掌握。在现代英语中，介词的地位非常重要。我们切不可小看这个小角色，不可忽视它的作用。如果你能在英语介词上下一番功夫，那么你的英语水平会有一个飞跃的提高。

英语介词分类:

按结构英语介词可分为3类：

1．简单介词（约有70个），如：in，at，on，by，with，down，for，beside，along，across等。

2．分词介词（约15个）如：during，following，considering，regarding，speaking，judg-ing，talking等。

3．成语介词（约有500个）如：out of，apart from，because of，by means of等。

按意义英语介词可分为3类：

1. 时间介词，如：at, on, in, during, over, from, for, until等。

2. 地点介词,如：at, on, in, across, to, over, between, inside, outside等。

3. 其它介词，如：by, with, about, except, instead of, due to, apart from等。

介词 -- 从不独立行动的精灵

英语介词不可单独使用，只能与不同的此类构成介词短语来在句子中担当一个成分。

常用的五种介词短语

1.介词+名词：at the door, into the bag

2.介词+代词: for me, of others

3.介词+动名词: in doing so, to my saying that

4.介词+连接副词/连接代词/what从句:over what he had better do

5.介词+连接副词/连接代词+不定式：on how to do this

其他类型的介词短语

6.介词+介词短语：from across the street, until after dinner

7.介词+副词：from below

8.介词+复合结构：with the light on

9.介词+不定式（but/except)：…did nothing but watch TV/ had no choice except to lie down to sleep

介词 -- 连接词与词的纽带

英语经常用介词来表示词与词之间的关系

1. 时间

1）at表示在某一时间点: at 3 o’clock

2）in表示在某一时间段内的某一或某些点： in 2004

in表示在某段时间的结束点：I’ll see you again in a week.

3) during表示某一时间段内自始至终：during the first period

4) on表示在某一day/date或其中的某一段：on Monday, on Sunday morning

5) by表示不迟于某个时间：by now

2. 地点

1）at表示在某处（而非它处）：at school

2) in表示在内部或某个范围内：in the office

3) on表示在上面与某平面接触：on the table

4) outside表示在某个范围之外：outside world

5) under表示在比某个位置低的地方或在某表面之下：under a chair

6) by表示靠近或接近：by the window

3. 原因

1）because of表示因为或以…为理由：because of my father

2) for表示动作或活动的目的、目标或意图：for sale

3) out of表示起源、来源或原因：out of duty

4. 方式

1）with表示以…方式：with skill

2）in表示以某种方式： in French, in cash， in this way

5. 方法

1) by表示方法、手段: by the back road, by bus, by working hard

2) on表示运送方式：on a train,on foot

3) in表示途径或材料： in oils

介词短语的词性:

1. 介词短语的词性--形容词

1) 常用于做定语的介词短语的介词

of: a child of six

with: a man with a suitcase

in: a girl in red

to: the key to the door

for: a war for money

about: an agreement about trade

2)常用于做表语的介词短语的介词

at: She was at a loss.

beyond；The road is beyond the hill.

in: He’s still in danger.

of: It’s of no value.

on: He is on guard.

out of: I’m out of job.

under: He’s under forty.

3) 用于做宾语补足语：

I saw George at work.

A cold kept him in bed for 7 days.

2. 介词短语的词性—副词

1）做状语，主要用于修饰谓语：

He has been here since Monday.

Bake it is for two hours.

2) 用于be+adj.结构：

She is afraid of snakes.

I’m sorry about that.

3) 修饰非谓语动词：

I asked to speak to the headmaster.

Thank you for doing this for me.

介词--短语动词中的关键角色

含有介词的短语动词

1. v.+ prep.：agree with/to/on/in, answer for, ask for, come across, go after, live on, run into, head for, look for/after/at 等。

2. v.+ adv. + prep.:come up to, go in for, run out of, do away with, keep up with, make up for, put up with等。

并列连词

并列连词 在句子中不做成分，仅表示前后关系。

1.用于连接彼此互补依存的对等的成分。

1)连接语词：slow but safe/ either this

week or next week

2)连接分句：I went and she also.

2.可分别表示下列关系。

1）转折：but, yet, however, neverthe-less

2) 因果：so, for, therefore

3) 选择：or, either…or, neither…nor

4）并列和递进：and,both…and, as well as not only…but (also)

关联词

关联词 用于引导从句。

1.名词从句: He doesn’t know what she is.

2.副词从句：If he comes, I’ll give it to you.

3.形容词从句：He’s the best student I’ve ever taught.

连接词

关联词的类别及所表示的关系 要特别注意关联词在从句中（及某些连接词在短语中）所担当的成分，这是正确使用关连词的关键。

1.连接词：引导名词从句，在从句中不做成分。

1) that（无含义）：

I said that he was wrong.

2) whether(if)（表示不确定性或选择关系）：

I don’t know whether it is correct.

2.连接代词

1)引导名词从句，在从句中做主语、宾语、表语和定语。

A. who/which 作主语（口语who中可做宾语,

但其前面不可有与其配合使用的介词）:

I asked him who came into the room./ I asked him who(m) he saw

whom/which 做宾语:Ask him which he wants.

B. whose 做宾语(=whose thing(s)) /定语：

I wonder whose house that is.

C. what 做上面提及的各种成分:

I don’t know what I should do.

What can be done?

2）与不定式连用,在其中多做主语和宾语。

We can’t decide whom to invite.

We must decide what to do.

I couldn’t decide which to choose.

3.连接副词 引导名词从句或与不定式连用，在从句中做状语。

1) how: That’s how I look at it.

2) where: I don’t know where he lives.

3) when: Tell me when to use the tool.

4) why: I’ll tell you why you have to do it.

4.关系代词

1) who 表示人，在从句中做主语和表语（口语who中可做宾语,但其前面不可有与其配合使用的介词）:

The man who spoke is my teacher.

I don’t know who he is。

The man who I saw told me that.

2) whom 表示人，在从句中做宾语和表语：The man whom I saw told me that.

3) whose 表示“某人/物的”，of which表示“某物的”， 在从句中做定语：

That’s the man whose son is my pupil.

The room whose window faces south is her bedroom.

The room of which the window faces south is her bedroom.

4) which 表示物，在从句中做主语和表语:

I like the picture which was taken

in front of the main building.

5) that 表示人/物，在从句中做主语和宾语; 注意下列关于that作为关系代词的用法。

A.现行词前有最高级形容词修饰时：

This is the best film that I’ve ever seen.

B.先行词是下列词语或为其所修饰修饰时：

the first, the last, the only, the same, the very, all, any, no, every.

This is the last chance that you have.

You are the only friend that I have.

He told me all that he knew.

C. 先行词是下列不定代词或为其所修饰修饰时：

much, little, none, everything/body, nothing, nobody.

There’s nothing in the world that can frighten him.

D. 以Who/Which开始的句子，其后的定语从句中的关系代词不使用who/which,而代之以that。

Who that knows him would trust him?

Which of these buses is the one that goes to London?

E.人和事物/动物同为先行词时：

The man and the horse that fell into the river were drowned.

6) 关系代词做介词宾语。

A.一般介词可放在whom/which的前面或其所在的从句的句尾，关系代词为that时，只可放在其所在的从句的句尾。

Is this the car for which you paid a high price?

Is this the car which you paid a high price for?

Is this the car that you paid a high price for?

Is this the car you paid a high price for?

B.介词during, except以及表示（从整体中）“分割”（出部分）的介词of等介词要放在关系代词的前面：

The years during which he was away

were long years to her.

He wrote many books, some of which

C.其介词与动词不可分割的短语动词中的介词必须放在其动词之后，不可放在关系代词之前：

This is the book which he has been looking for.

7)关系代词的省略。

A.关系代词作宾语时：

The girl I work with is coming.

B.that在定语从句中做表语时：

He is not the man that he was when I saw him first.

He is not the man he was when I saw him first.

5.关系副词 在定语从句中均做状语。

1）where 地点：

That’s one point where I’d like your advice.

2) when 时间：

At the time when I saw him, he was ill.

3) why 原因：

That is the reason why I came so early.

4) that 方式/时间/原因

I like the way that /in which he did it.

That was the first time (that) I sawhim.

The reason why/that he was dismissed is not easy to explain.

5)in which/at which = where

This is the school in which/at which/where he works.

6)for which = why

I don’t the reason for which he left.

7)on which = when

The day on which she was born was 22 September, 1988

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