一、一般现在时

（1）有 be 动词时：（be 有 am，is，are 三种形态，在此仅以 is 为例举例）

陈述句：Michael is a student.

否定句：Michael isn't a student.

疑问句：Is Michael a student?

回答：Yes, he is. / No, he isn't.

（2）有情态动词时：（以 can 为例）

陈述句：Jane can speak Chinese well.

否定句：Jane can't speak Chinese well.

疑问句：Can Jane speak Chinese well?

回答：Yes, she can. / No, she can't.

（3）当谓语动词为“实意动词”时：（以 go 为例）

陈述句：Tom goes to school by bike. / They go to school by bike.

否定句：Tom doesn't go to school by bike. / They don't go to school by bike.

疑问句：Does Tom go to school by bike? / Do they go to school by bike?

回答：Yes, he does. / No, he doesn't. / Yes, they do. / No, they don't.

二、现在进行时

结构：主语 + be + v-ing

标志：居首一般有 Look! / Listen! 句尾一般有 now / at the moment。

举例：

陈述句：He is doing his homework now.

否定句：He isn't doing his homework now.

疑问句：Is he doing his homework now?

回答：Yes, he is. / No, he isn't.

三、一般将来时

结构：

主语 + be going to do sth.

主语 + will / shall do sth.

举例：

陈述句：We are going to have a math test next week. / She will go to Beijing tomorrow.

否定句：We aren't going to have a math test next week. / She won't go to Beijing tomorrow.

疑问句：Are you going to have a math test next week? / Will she go to Beijing tomorrow?

回答：Yes, we are. / No, we aren't. / Yes, she will. / No, she won't.

（特例）

在“主语 + be going to do sth.”结构中，当动词为 come，go，leave，start，move 时，则用现在进行时的结构表达一般将来时的含义。在此以 go 为例：

陈述句：I'm going to Canada in five days.

否定句：I'm not going to Canada in five days.

疑问句：Are you going to Canada in five days?

回答：Yes, I am. / No, I'm not.

四、现在完成时

结构：

主语 + have / has + 过去分词

标志：already / yet 等

以动词 finish 为例：

肯定句：Maria has finished her homework already.

否定句：Maria hasn't finished her homework yet.

疑问句：Has Maria finished her homework yet?

回答：Yes, she has. / No, she hasn't.

（注意）

在现在完成时中，当动词为“非延续性动词”时（例如 open / close / leave / borrow / die 等），不能与表示一段时间的状语连用，但可以采用其他方式表达相同的含义。现以 die 为例：

翻译：他已经去世二十年了。

（错误表述）He has died for twenty years.

（正确表述）He has been dead for twenty years.

（正确表述）He died twenty years ago.

（正确表述）It has been twenty years since he died.

五、上述四种语态均可用于“过去”的时态中，即：一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时、过去完成时，在此略去举例。

六、形容词和副词的比较级和最高级用法。

（1）比较级：A is taller than B. / The weather of Hainan is much higher than that of Harbin in June.

（2）最高级：A is the hardest student in the class. / Beijing is one of the biggest cities in the world.

七、被动语态

结构：助动词 be + 及物动词的过去分词 （+ by )

举例：

（1）一般现在时：All the goods are made by machine.

（2）一般过去时：These books were written by Mo Yan.

（3）一般将来时：Doctor White will be invited to the meeting, too.

（4）现在进行时：More new buildings are being built in my city.

（5）过去进行时：She was being asked by the police at that time.

（6）现在完成时：All the fireworks have been sold out.

（7）过去完成时：All the tickets had been sold out when I got there.

（8）过去将来时：He told me that the question would be talked about again.

（9）将来完成时：They will have been finished their work by next month.

（10）过去将来完成时：He told me that ten thousand words would have been learned by the time he left the university.

八、从句

1、主语从句

引导词有：that，what，whether，when，wherever，who 等，主语从句的谓语动词必须用单数。

举例：

1) That he will fall the exam is certain.

2) What she said is true.

3) It doesn't matter when she leaves.

4) Whoever is tired may rest.

2、表语从句

一般位于系动词之后。

举例：

The question is that I also like her.

3、宾语从句

句型：主句 + 连词 + 宾语从句

连接宾语从句的词有：that，if，whether，who，whose，what，which，where，when，why，how，whoever，whomever，whenever，wherever 等》

举例：

1) He said that he was the first to clamb to the top of the mountain.

2) I wonder if / whether you could lend me tour bike.

3) Parents shouldn't give their children whatever they want.

4) She doesn't know who will come.

5) He asked if / whether she had an apartment in the city.

6) Who do you think they will travel with?

4、状语从句

（1）时间状语从句

引导时间状语从句的连词有：when，whenever，as，while，before，after，until，till，since，ever，as soon asimmediately，directly，hardly，hardly ... when 等。

举例：

1) When I was in Shanghai, I met her.

2) Please wait until you are called.

（2）地点状语从句

常由 where 何 wherever 引导。

举例：

He lives where the street crosses the river.

（3）原因状语从句

常由 as，because，since，now that，seeing that 等引导，其中语气最强烈的就是 because。

举例：

He has to leave off because he is seriously ill.

（4）条件状语从句

常由 if，unless，as long as，so long as 等引导。

举例：

If you can correct your faults, your work is good.

（5）目的状语从句

常由 so that，in order to 等引导。

举例：

Speak loudly so that every one may hear you clearly.

（6）比较状语从句

常由 than，as，as ... as 等引导。

举例：

I have got as much money as I need.

（7）让步状语从句

常由 though / although，even though，as，if，even if 和 wh- + -ever 复合词引导。

举例：

Although I tried my best to learn English, I haven't passed the exam.

（8）方式状语从句

常由 as，as if，as though，how 等引导。

举例：

She looks as if she is still young.

（9）结果状语从句

常由 that，so / such that 等引导。

举例：

She is such a good teacher that all the students love and respect her.

5、定语从句

结构：

...... 先行词（被修饰的名词或代词） + 关系代词 / 关系副词 + ......

一般来说，修饰人用 who，whom，whose，that；修饰物用 that / which。

举例：

1) The road which through our school is very wide.

2) This is the school where my brother studies

3) Is there anything that you don't understand?.

九、

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