3、In addition to having to be a generalist while specializing in what may seem to be a narrow field, 很长的介词短语。需要细分一下，having to be又是动名词短语，最In addition to里介词to的介词宾语。然后，又由 while引出一个时间状语，what may seem to be a narrow field是一个完整的宾语从句，作in的宾语。

the researcher is faced with the problem of primary materials

that have little or no documentation.定语从句。

4、The primary reason was skepticism 主句

that a railroad （built through so challenging and thinly settled a stretch of desert, mountain, and semiarid plain） could pay a profit.定语从句，虽然长，但结构简单。括号中的成分是过去分词短语，作定语，修饰定语从句的主语railroad。

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