英 语 音 标

元音

前元音：[ i: ] [ i ] [ e ] [  ]

中元音：[  ] [ : ] [  ]

后元音：[a:] [  ] [ : ] [ u ] [ u: ]

双元音：[ei] [ai] [i] [au] [u] [i] [] [u]

辅音

爆破音：（清） [ p ] [ k ] [ t ]

（浊） [ b ] [ ɡ] [ d ]

摩擦音：（清） [ f ] [  ] [ s ] [  ] [ h ]

（浊） [ v ] [  ] [ z ] [  ] [ r ]

破擦音：（清） [ t ] [ tr ] [ ts ]

（浊） [ d ] [ dr ] [ dz ]

鼻 音： [ m ] [ n ] []

舌则音： [ l ]

半元音： [ w ] [ j ]

单词的读音：辅音与元音拼，拼读时，辅音轻、短一点，元音长、重一点，两音相撞产生一个新音；辅音后无元音，发该辅音；元音前无辅音，发该元音，把每次产生的新音，连起来发，一个单词的读音就形成了。

音节：一个单词中有几个元音字母，就有几个音节。但，几个元音字母在一起的只算一个，结尾的一个E不算。

开音节：一个单词中元音字母发其本音，且是“辅元辅E”结构的。Bike, five.

闭音节：元音字母不发本音，发其对应的音（见下表）且是“辅元辅”结构的单词。 Run, get.

元音字母： A E I O U

开音节： [ ei ] [ i:] [ ai ] [ u ] [ju:]

闭音节： [  ] [ e ] [ i ] [  ] [  ]/[ u ]

辅 音 音 标 对 应 字 母

[ p ] 对应字母是：P(后无H) pen, map, happy, penfriend

[ b ] 对应字母是：B（注意mb结尾时，b不发音） book, boy，behind, Hob

[ k ] 对应字母是：K,CK,C（后无I/E/Y/H） cake, kite, clock,

[ ɡ] 对应字母是：G (后无E或是DGE) gate, big, dig, girl

[ t ] 对应字母是：T （后无H/R）time, got, table, little

[ d ] 对应字母是：D （后无GE/R）door, dance, road, middle

[ f ] 对应字母是：F，PH five, photo, flight, football

[ v ] 对应字母是：V vest, live, vast, review

[ ] 对应字母是： TH thing, three, fifth, throw

[  ] 对应字母是： TH that, this, father, with

[ s ] 对应字母是： S,CE/CI/CY/ see, dance, city, certainly

[ z ] 对应字母是：Z, 元/浊音后的后加的S zip, zoo, boys, doors

[  ] 对应字母是：SH shop, fish, show, English, sheep

[  ] 对应字母是：U中间的S usually unusual

[ h ] 对应字母是： H,WH- hole, whole, who, Helen

[ r ] 对应字母是： R（前无T/D/A/E/O）right, robber, room

[ t ] 对应字母是：CH much, chair, chat, China

[ d ] 对应字母是：开头的字母J，-GE,-DGE June, just, bridge, change

[ tr ] 对应字母是：TR tree, try, trousers

[ dr ] 对应字母是： DR draw, dress, drive

[ ts ] 对应字母是：-TS,-TES boots, tastes

[ dz ] 对应字母是： -DS, -DES beds, besides

[ m ] 对应字母是： M morning, come, match, comb

[ n ] 对应字母是： N（mn结尾时，n不发音；后无K/G）night, fine, nose, nine

[  ] 对应字母是： -NG,-NK think, thing, ink, English

[ l ] 对应字母是： L light, left, let, travel

[ w ] 对应字母是： W-, WH-, -W- why, where, swim,

[ j ] 对应字母是： Y- yes, year, your

元 音 字 母 组 合

[ i: ] 字母组合： E\EA\EE\I\IE be, we, please, feet, see, free, police, machine, believe, piece

[ i ] 字母组合: I\E –Y in, six, English, country

[ e ] 字母组合: E\EA\A pen, yellow, health, sweater, any, many

[  ] 字母组合: A bag, man, than, shall

[  ] 字母组合: -ER,-OR worker, visitor

[ :] 字母组合: ER\IR\UR\OR\EAR her, term, bird, first, turn, burn, worse, learn, earth

[  ] 字母组合: U\O\OU cup, hungry, love, front, touch, young

[ a: ] 字母组合: A\AR\AL\AU class, last, are, hard, start, half, aunt

[  ] 字母组合: A\O what, wash, not, long, doll

[ : ] 字母组合: AL\AU\OR\ORE\OOR\OUR\AR\AW all, chalk, daughter, autumn, sport, born, more, before, four, quarter, draw, saw

[ u ] 字母组合: OUL\U\OO\O book, goodness, could, full, woman,

[ u: ] 字母组合: U\O\OO blue, ruler, do, shoe, zoo, moon

[ ei ] 字母组合: A\-AY\AI\EIGH\-EY name, same, way, day, wait, train, eighteen

[ ai ] 字母组合: I\-Y\IGH I, tiger, by, bye, fly, right, high,

[ i ] 字母组合: OI\OY toilet, joy, boy, enjoy

[ au ] 字母组合: OU\OW out, count, round, how, down, town

[  ] 字母组合: O\OA\OW close, only, boat, coat, row, know, show

[ i ] 字母组合: EAR\EER\ERE\EA dear, hear, pioneer, here, idea

[  ] 字母组合: AIR\ERE\EAR\EIR\ARE fair, hair, there, wear, their, careful

[  ] 字母组合: URE sure

字母音素归类:

A [ ei ]: H, J, K

E [ i: ]: B, C, D, G, P, T, V,

I [ ai ]: Y

O [  ]:

U [ju:]: Q, W

[ e ] : F, L, M, N, S, X, Z

[ a: ] : R

语 音 知 识

1.关于语音的几个概念

1) 字母：语言的书写形式。元音字母a, e, i(y), o, u,

2) 音标：词的语音形式。

3) 音素：音的最小的单位。英语中有48音素。

4) 音节：由元音和辅音构成的发音单位。ap'ple, stu'dent, tea'cher, un'der'stand

5) 元音：发音响亮，是元音；口腔中气流不收阻碍；是构成音节的主要音。英语中有20元音。

6) 辅音：发音不响亮，是噪音；口腔中气流受到阻碍；不是构成音节的主要音。英语中有28辅音。

7) 开音节：a) 辅音+元音+辅音+E: name bike home due; b) 辅音+元音 he, go, hi

8) 闭音节：a) 辅音+元音+辅音: bad, bed, sit, hot, cup; b)元音+辅音it

9) 重读音节：单词中发音特别响亮的音节。

2. 元音：

1) [i:] sea, he, see, piece, ceiling

2) [i] sit, build, miss, myth

3) [e] bed, desk, head,

4) [ ] bad, land, bank, stamp

5) [a:] car, fast, class, plant, calm, aunt

6) [] hot, want

7) [:] door, more, sport, ball, warm, author, court, bought, caught

8) [u:] good, who, blue, soup,

9) [u] look, put, women, could

10) [] cup, come, blood, rough

11) [:] girl, work, serve, nurse

12) [] cadre, ago, forget, polite, dollar, doctor, famous, Saturday

13) [ei] cake, they, play, eight, great,

14) [ai] bike, die, neither, light, try, find, height, eye

15) [] phone, cold, boat, soul, grow

16) [au] house, town

17) [] boy, oil

18) [] dear, idea, deer, here, fierce,

19) [] pear, care, there, fair

20) [] tour, poor,

3. 容易混淆的元音

1) [e] [] bed bad; men, man; pen, pan; lend land

2) [i:] [ei] real rail; greet, great; mean, main; read raid

3) [e] [ai] bet bite; red write; said side, head, hide

4) [au] [:] house horse; loud lord; south sauce; now nor; count corn; cloud

5) [au] [] found fond; gown gone; down don

4. 容易混淆的辅音

1) [v] [w] vet wet; vest west; vine wine; very well

2) [s] [] sink think; sort thought; miss myth; mass math

3) [z] [] closing clothing; breeze breathe; bays bathes

4) [n] [] thin thing; sin sing; ban bang win wing; ran rang

5. 读音规则

1) 重读音节(见元音和辅音的例句)

2) 非重读音节 [] banana, student, today, after, [i] orange, secret, evening, very, Monday

6. 特殊读音

1）音的连读：前面的词以元辅音结尾，后面的单词以元音开头，这样结尾的辅音要和开头的元音连读。例如：not at all, half an hour, I love you and all. after all

2）失去爆破：辅音爆破音或摩擦音后面跟的是爆破音、破擦音和摩擦等，前面的辅音要失去爆破。例如：good girl, good student, good job, expression, school, extreme

3）音的同化：两个特殊的音碰到一起，会发出变异成特殊的音。例：Would you do it? I am glad to meet you. Can't you see it? last year, this year,

7. 重音

1)单词重音

A)双音节词

一般在第一个音节重读。letter, sorry

有 a-, be-, de-, re-, res-, in-, im-, en-, em-, es-, ex-, con-, com-, dis-, mis-, pre-, per-, pro-, trans- 等前缀的词，第二个音节是重音。a'bout, be'lieve, ad'dress, de'cide, re'port, con'demn, res'pect, com'pare, in'form, dis'cuss, im'press, mis'take, en'force, pre'pare, em'ploy, per'mit, es'cape, pro'duce, ex'claim,trans'late

有 de-, in-, re-, con-, pre- 等前缀的重音与词义和词类有关, 一般名词的重音在第一个音节上，其它的词性在第二个音节上。'record, re'cord; 'insult, in'sult; 'conduct, con'duct; 'present pre'sent; 'content, con'tent

有些复合词和带有前缀 re-, ex-, un-, pre-, post-, 等的词，有两个重音。'out'side, 're'tell, 'well-'known, 'un'real, 'fif'teen, 'Chi'nese, 'pre-'war, 'post-'war

B)多音节词

a)一般倒数第三个音节是重音。'difficult, 'communist, 'family, e'conomy, oppor'tunity, de'mocracy.

b)有一些双音节词，加了前缀和后缀成了多音节，但这些词按原来词根的重音读音。'carefully, in'definite, 'comfortable, con'ductor, ac'cording, dis'turbance, 'complicated, es'tablishment,

c)词尾有-eous, -grahpy, -ial, -ian, -ic, -ics, -ience, ient, -ify, -ion, -ious, -ity, ive 后缀的词，重音在这些后缀的前一个音节上。cour'teous, cal'ligraphy, edi'torial, his'torian, peri'odic, mathe'matics, ex'perience, suf'ficient, i'dentify, trans'lation, re'ligious, curi'osity, pro'tective

d)词尾有 -ain, -ee, -eer, -ese, -ette 后缀的词，重音在该后缀上，而且有一个次重音。enter'tain, emplo'yee, mountai'neer, Japa'nese, ciga'rette

2)句子重音

A) 英语的节奏：（轻）-轻-重-轻-（轻）或重-轻-（轻）（轻）重

B) 英语句子的长短：是由句子中的重读词的数目决定的，而不是象汉语那样由句子中的汉字数目决定的。

C) 实词重读（副词重读），虚词轻读(冠词，单音节介词，单音节连词，人称代词，反代词，物主代词，关系代词，相互代词，助动词，情态动词和系动词be

D) 实词不重读的特殊情况

a) 实词第二次出现 He thinks of that as a child thinks.

b) 一个名词被第二个名词修饰 I met her in the railway station.

c) 代替词 Which book do you want? The small one.

d) 感叹词中的 what 和how What a good day it is! How beautiful she is!

e) street 在专有名词中 Wangfujing Street.

f)this在这些短语中，this morning/afternoon/evening

E)虚词重读的特殊情况

a) 情态动词，助动词和系动词be在句首，句尾和否定时。Do you like it? Yes, I do. Are you a doctor? Yes, I am. Can you help me? Yes, I can. I don't like you. He isn't a worker.

b) 情态动词表示可能，惊奇和肯定时。They may come this evening. Can it be five already? He must be in the room.

c) 介词在句首和句尾。In the box, he found a letter. He is the person I talked with.

d) 引导复合句的连词在句首。If you wish, I'll visit you. When he comes, I'll tell him.

e)反身代词表示强调。He couldn't come himself.

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