三角函数的基本定理及其公式如下:
1. 三角函数的定义:
将角度θ作为自变量,在直角坐标系中以半径为1的圆(单位圆)为基础,通过固定角度的一边与X轴重合,顶点位于圆心,另一边作为射线与单位圆相交于一点。该点的坐标(x, y)定义了三角函数:
sin(θ) = y
cos(θ) = x
tan(θ) = y/x
2. 两角和公式:
sin(A + B) = sinAcosB + cosAsinB
sin(A - B) = sinAcosB - cosAsinB
cos(A + B) = cosAcosB - sinAsinB
cos(A - B) = cosAcosB + sinAsinB
tan(A + B) = (tanA + tanB) / (1 - tanAtanB)
tan(A - B) = (tanA - tanB) / (1 + tanAtanB)
cot(A + B) = (cotA cotB - 1) / (cotB + cotA)
cot(A - B) = (cotA cotB + 1) / (cotB - cotA)
3. 倍角公式:
tan2A = 2tanA / (1 - tan²A)
sin2A = 2sinAcosA
cos2A = cos²A - sin²A = 2cos²A - 1 = 1 - 2sin²A
4. 三倍角公式:
sin3A = 3sinA - 4sin³A
cos3A = 4cos³A - 3cosA
tan3A = tanA * tan(π/3 + A) * tan(π/3 - A)
5. 半角公式:
sin(A/2) = √[(1 - cosA) / 2]
cos(A/2) = √[(1 + cosA) / 2]
tan(A/2) = √[(1 - cosA) / (1 + cosA)]
cot(A/2) = √[(1 + cosA) / (1 - cosA)]
6. 和差化积公式:
sin(a) + sin(b) = 2sin[(a + b)/2]cos[(a - b)/2]
sin(a) - sin(b) = 2cos[(a + b)/2]sin[(a - b)/2]
cos(a) + cos(b) = 2cos[(a + b)/2]cos[(a - b)/2]
cos(a) - cos(b) = -2sin[(a + b)/2]sin[(a - b)/2]
tanA + tanB = sin(A + B) / cosAcosB
7. 积化和差公式:
sin(a)sin(b) = -1/2[cos(a + b) - cos(a - b)]
cos(a)cos(b) = 1/2[cos(a + b) + cos(a - b)]
sin(a)cos(b) = 1/2[sin(a + b) + sin(a - b)]
cos(a)sin(b) = 1/2[sin(a + b) - sin(a - b)]
8. 诱导公式:
sin(-a) = -sin(a)
cos(-a) = cos(a)
sin(π/2 - a) = cos(a)
cos(π/2 - a) = sin(a)
sin(π/2 + a) = cos(a)
cos(π/2 + a) = -sin(a)
sin(π - a) = sin(a)
cos(π - a) = -cos(a)
sin(π + a) = -sin(a)
cos(π + a) = -cos(a)
三角函数在几何、物理、工程等领域中扮演着关键角色,例如在解决三角形问题、描述物理运动、分析工程设计等方面。
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