挺平常的两个句子啊！

Extinct but already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record.

由转折连词 but 连接的两个形容词 (extinct 和 marine) 作定语，修饰做句子主语的cetaceans。 already fully 作状语修饰 marine。

主语：Extinct but already fully marine cetaceans (其中Extinct but already fully marine 是两个定语；already fully 作状语修饰第二个定语 marine)

谓语：are known (被动语态)

状语：from the fossil record

Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.

全句为倒装句 -- 因句子主语 (fossils) 带后置定语 (即 fossils 后的全部)，造成主语太长，就把表语置于句首了。作状语的 until recently 修饰 missing 加之该状语又短，也一起前置了。正装后挺别扭的 (“头重脚轻”)：

Fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans were missing until recently.

主语：Fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans (其中 clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans 是后置定语，修饰前面的 Fossils。可将该定语改为定语从句，整个主语则成了：Fossils which are clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans)

谓语 (系表结构)：were missing

时间状语：until recently

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