-ing分词的语法作用
-ing分词一方面具有动词的性质,另一方面也相当于一个名词或形容词、副词,在句中可以作主语、表语、宾 语、定语、状语和补语等。
1)–ing分词(短语)作主语:
Laying eggs is the ant queen's full-time job.
产卵是蚁后的专职工作。
Saying is easier than doing. 说比做容易。
在下面两种结构中,-ing分词也作主语。
①为了保持句子平衡,通常用作形式主语,而把真实主语放在句末。如:
It is no use crying over spilt milk. 作无益的后悔是没有用的。
It's a waste of time arguing about it. 辩论这事是浪费时间。
②在There is no结构中,通常用-ing分词。如:
There is no joking about such matters. 这种事开不得玩笑。
There is no holding back the wheel of history. 历史车轮不可阻挡。
2) -ing分词(短语)作表语:
His hobby is collecting stamps. 他的爱好是收集邮票。
The problem is quite puzzling. 这个问题很令人困惑。
3) -ing分词作宾语:
①–ing分词作动词宾语。如:I suggest doing it in a different way.
我建议用另一种方法做这件事。
We enjoy attending Miss Li's class. 我们喜欢听李老师的课。
②-ing分词作宾语也可用在复合宾语中作真正的宾语,而用it作形式宾语。如:
I don’t think it possible living in such a cold place.
我认为住在这么寒冷的地方是不可能的。
Do you consider it any good trying again?
你觉得再试一次会有好处吗?
③-ing分词作介词宾语,经常用在一些短语的后面。如:
I'm against inviting him to dinner. 我反对邀请他来吃饭。
They don’t feel like walking that much. 他们不喜欢走那么多路。
He went to London in the hope of being a famous painter.
他去了伦敦,希望能成为一个著名的画家。另外,-ing分词可以和一些介词如in, on, after, against, before, by, for, without, besides 等 构 成短语,在句中作状语。如:
He left ahead of time without saying a word.
他一句话也没说就提前离开了。
Besides cooking and sewing, she had to take care of four
children.
除了做饭和缝纫以外,她还要照顾四个孩子。
On hearing the news, all the pupils jumped with joy.
听到这个消息后,所有的学生都高兴得跳了起来。
4) -ing分词作定语:
①单个的分词作定语一般放在被修饰词的前面。如:
reading room 阅览室 swimming pool 游泳池 dining car 餐车
sleeping car 卧车 singing competition 歌咏比赛 waiting room 候车室
a waiting car 一辆等待着的车 a sleeping child一个酣睡的孩子 flying fish 飞鱼
the exciting news令人振奋的消息 a boring speech令人乏味的演出
②-ing分词短语作定语应放在被修饰词的后面,也相当于一个定语从句。如:
Who is the comrade standing by the door? 站在门边的同志是谁?
They lived in a house facing south. 他们住在一所朝南的房子里。
③–ing分词还可以作非限制性定语,相当于一个非限制性定语从句,常用逗号和句子其它部分分开。如:
The words, usually dealing with current work, were mostly written by himself.
歌词,一般讲当前的工作,大部分是他自己写的。
When she appeared, John, wearing a dirty and worn-out overcoat, ran to her with joy.
当她出现的时候,约翰穿着一件又脏又破的大衣高兴地跑了过去
5) -ing分词做状语:
-ing分词作状语可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。
①-ing分词短语作时间状语,相当于一个时间状语从句,有时可由连词when, while引 出。 如:
While reading the book, he nodded from time to time.
他一边看书,一边不时地点头。
Seeing those pictures, she remembered her childhood.
看到那些画,他想起了她的童年。
②-ing分词短语作原因状语,相当于一个原因状语从句。如:
Not knowing his address, I can’t send this book to him.
因为不知道他的地址,我不能把这本书送给他。
Many of us, being so excited, couldn’t go to sleep that
night. 因为非常激动,那晚我们许多人都没睡着。
③–ing分词短语作结果状语。如:
His father died, leaving him a lot of money.
他父亲死了,留给他许多钱。
She was so angry that she threw the toy on the ground,
breaking it into pieces.
她非常生气,把玩具扔在地上,把它摔成了碎片。
④-ing分词作伴随状语,可以放在句子的前面、后面或中间,表示主语的另一个、较次要的动作。如:
They stood there for half an hour watching the stars in
the sky. 他们在那儿站了半小时,观察着天上的星星。
Following the old man, the young people started walking
slowly.
年轻人跟在老人的后面开始慢慢地走起来。
⑤-ing分词间或也可作条件状语和让步状语,相当于一个状语从句。如:
A person standing at the foot of a high mountain will
find himself very small.
一个人如站在大山的脚下会发现自己很渺小。
Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage.
尽管知道了一切情况,他们还是要我赔偿损失。
注:-ing分词作状语时,它的逻辑主语就是整个句子的主语。
⑥“with/without+名词普通格或代词宾格+-ing分词”结构在句中作状语,表示伴随情况或时间、原因等。如:
His hair became grey with the years passing.
随着时间的推移,他的头发变花白了。
Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window.
没人注意,他从窗户溜了出去。
6) -ing分词作补语:
①--ing分词可以在see, hear, notice, watch, feel, look at, listen to, observe, have, get, leave, keep, set, catch, find等动词后面和一个名词或代词构成一个复合宾语,作宾语补语。如:
I noticed a man running out of the bank when I got off
the car.
我下车的时候注意到一个男人匆匆忙忙地从银行里跑出来。
Last night the shopkeeper caught a child stealing some
food in the shop.
昨晚,店主在商店里抓到一个小孩在偷东西。
②上面这类句子也可变成被动语态,这时,-ing分词可看成是主语补语。如:
We were kept waiting for quite a long time. 让我们等了好长时间。
Jily was never heard singing that song again.
人们再也没有听到吉利唱过那首歌。
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