1：The largest , most important family is the so-called civil-law family.

2: Civil-law systems are , generally speaking , “codified”systems:the basic law is set out in code.

3: Another influential civil code was Germany’s ,which dates from the late nineteenth century .

4: Judicial review was officially recognized in 1803 by the decision of the

United States Supreme Court in Marbury v.Madison .(P36)

5: Ripeness and mootness issues are related to standing and might be understood simply as standing in a time frame .(P39)

6: This means two things:the Court could ignore ripeness in a given case if it wants to get to the merits and Congress could remove ripeness as a barrier to review if it chose , by providing for review .

7: Mootness issues arise when the redressable harm is over and the case

therefore no longer presente a live controversy .

8: Executive orders and executive agreements are widely used in foreign

Affairs .(P40)

9: While many of the country’s most important international commitments are still made b way of the formal treaty process .

10: But the President has used American troops several times in history without going to Congress for a declaration of war .(P41)

11: Federalism is most visible in its limitations on actions of the states

through the supremacy clause .(P42)

12: Similarly ,the Court has prohibited discriminatory exemptions from income taxation that a state provided for retirement pay of state and local

governmental employees , but not federal enmloyees .

13: “the powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution , nor prohibited by it to the States , are reserved to the States respectively ,to the people.”

14: Criminal Law ,branch of law that defines crimes ,establishes punishments .(P74)

15: Criminal law includes both substantive law , which is addressed in this article .

16: Crimes are claeeified in many different ways

17: An important classification is the division of crimes into felonies or misdemeanors .

18: In other jurisdictions , crimes punishable by imprisonment for one year or more are felonies , and those punishable by fine or imprisonment for less than one year are misdemeanors.

19: The crime of muder is loosely defined as the unlawful killing of a human being by a person who had an intent to kill .(P76)

解析：

1：The largest , most important family is the so-called civil-law family.

民法所指的法系，有最大最重要之意。

2: Civil-law systems are , generally speaking , “codified” systems: the basic law is set out in code.

一般而言，民法体系乃是“法典化”体系，即：其基本法律以法典呈现。

3: Another influential civil code was Germany’s ,which dates from the late nineteenth century .

德国民法典发端于十九世纪晚期，为另一颇具影响力的民法典。

4: Judicial review was officially recognized in 1803 by the decision of the

United States Supreme Court in Marbury v.Madison .(P36)

1803年，全美最高法院对Marbury v.Madison案的一纸裁决正式认可了司法复审制度。（36页）

5: Ripeness and mootness issues are related to standing and might be understood simply as standing in a time frame .(P39)

实然与未然问题关乎持续力，对其理解易流于简单的时间上的持续力。（39页）

6: This means two things: the Court could ignore ripeness in a given case if it wants to get to the merits and Congress could remove ripeness as a barrier to review if it chose , by providing for review .

这便意味着两种情况：最高法院若为事功计，在具体案件上可能会撇开实然性问题；议会这方面，鉴于复议之需，如采纳实然性，则在复议时，又可能因其构成障碍而将其抛弃。

7: Mootness issues arise when the redressable harm is over and the case

therefore no longer presente a live controversy .

当案件的可救济型伤害已了结，因而实际纠纷也不复存在时，未然性问题便出现了。

8: Executive orders and executive agreements are widely used in foreign

Affairs .(P40)

行政令与行政协定在外交事务中广为采用。（40页）

9: While many of the country’s most important international commitments are still made b way of the formal treaty process .

国家为数不少的至为重要的国际承诺仍是通过正式条约程序达成。

10: But the President has used American troops several times in history without going to Congress for a declaration of war .(P41)

但是历史上已有几次先例，不通过议会程序宣战，总统便径行动用武力开战。（41页）

11: Federalism is most visible in its limitations on actions of the states

through the supremacy clause .(P42)

联邦主义在对联邦诉诸最高条款的诉讼限制上，表现最为明显。

12: Similarly ,the Court has prohibited discriminatory exemptions from income taxation that a state provided for retirement pay of state and local

governmental employees , but not federal employees .

各州为备付本州本地方政府而非联邦的职员退休金，所征收的收入所得税的歧视性免除，也已为最高法院所禁止。

13: “the powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States , are reserved to the States respectively ,to the people.”

联邦宪法未赋予联邦，也未对联邦禁止的权力，分属联邦及人民。

14: Criminal Law, branch of law that defines crimes, establishes punishments. (P74)

刑法作为部门法，界定罪，并确定刑罚。（74页）

15: Criminal law includes both substantive law , which is addressed in this article .

刑法包括两类实体法，本文对此进行了阐述。

16: Crimes are claeeified in many different ways

罪的分类不拘一格。

17: An important classification is the division of crimes into felonies or misdemeanors .

罪的一种重要分类，是厘分轻罪与重罪。

18: In other jurisdictions, crimes punishable by imprisonment for one year or more are felonies , and those punishable by fine or imprisonment for less than one year are misdemeanors.

判决处以一年或一年以上徒刑的为重罪，处以罚款或一年以下徒刑的为轻罪。

19: The crime of muder is loosely defined as the unlawful killing of a human being by a person who had an intent to kill .(P76)

谋杀罪的宽泛定义为，带有致人死亡意图者非法致人死亡。（76页）

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