在英语中,主语和谓语的常规语序是主语在前,谓语在后。然而,出于语法或修辞的考虑,有时会将谓语的部分或全部置于主语之前,这种语序称为“倒装”。倒装的分类包括部分倒装和全部倒装。
### 部分倒装
部分倒装发生在助动词或情态动词之后,紧接着是主语和谓语的实义动词。例如:
- "Is this your cell phone number?"(这是你的手机号码吗?)
- "What do you prefer?"(你更喜欢什么?)
### 全部倒装
全部倒装发生在谓语动词全部置于主语之前。例如:
- "How happy they are!"(他们多么快乐啊!)
- "What fun it is!"(这有多有趣!)
### 在特殊句型中
1. 疑问句:
- "Is this your cell phone number?"(这是你的手机号码吗?)
2. 感叹句:
- "How happy they are!"(他们多么快乐啊!)
- "What fun it is!"(这有多有趣!)
3. 虚拟条件句:
- "If I were a bird, I could fly freely."(如果我是一只鸟,我可以自由飞翔。)
- "Had I known it earlier, I wouldn’t have lent him the money."(如果我知道早一点,我就不会借钱给他。)
4. 直接引语:
- "‘You should have been here earlier,’ said the teacher."(老师说:“你应该早点来。”)
- "‘You,’ said his father, ‘do the housework.’"(父亲说:“你,做家务。”)
### 全部倒装的用法
1. 在there be句型中:
- "There are thousands of people gathering on the square."(有成千上万的人在广场上聚集。)
2. 在“here, there, now, thus, then+动词+主语”的句子中(动词为be, go, come等):
- "Now comes my turn."(现在轮到我了。)
- "There goes the bell."(铃声响了。)
3. 在“out\in, up\down, off\away”以及表示地点的介词词组位于句首时:
- "Away went the crowed one by one."(人群一个接一个地离开了。)
- "In came a stranger in black."(一个穿黑衣的陌生人进来了。)
4. 为了强调表语:
- "Lucky is she who was chosen to be a leader."(被选为领导的人真幸运。)
- "Gone are the days when women were looked down upon!"(妇女被轻视的日子已经过去了!)
### 部分倒装的用法
1. 含有否定意义的adv或conj位于句首时:
- "Not an English word can he speak."(他一个英文单词也不会说。)
- "Never have I seen him before."(我从未见过他。)
2. only位于句首,且修饰状语时,主句倒装:
- "Only in this way can you use the computer well."(只有这样你才能很好地使用电脑。)
3. so用在句首,表示另一主语“也”时:
- "So have we."(我们也是。)
4. 在”as (尽管)”引导的让步状语从句中:
- "Shortest though she is, she is the richest."(尽管她是最矮的,她却是最富有的。)
5. 在”so…that…”和”such…that…”句型中的so和such位于句首时:
- "So difficult was the exam that more than a half of the students failed."(考试太难了,以至于超过一半的学生都失败了。)
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